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All-Inclusive Packages
Our range of All-Inclusive packages to give you peace of mind
If the procedure or treatment you require is available under our All-Inclusive Package, you can take comfort in knowing that you will pay one simple, agreed price that will not change.
Suitability and eligibility will be discussed with you at your initial appointment with your consultant.
For procedures which are not available as All-Inclusive Packages we will provide you with a price for the hospital services and your consultant will advise you of the professional fees including the fee for the anaesthetist if required.
If the treatment you are looking for isn’t listed please speak to one of our Self-Pay advisors on 020 3219 3315 or use our online form.
All-inclusive Package details
What’s included
- Pre-operative assessment
- Professional fees including, for example, Consultant fees
- Hospital fees including standard nursing, accommodation, and patient meals
- Planned tests, assessments, treatments, drugs and dressings
- Any dietetic assessment requested by your Consultant
- The price of any standard prosthesis, if required
- Planned X-rays, scans and physiotherapy that you require during your stay in hospital
- Take-home medication that you require on the advice of or as prescribed by your Consultant for up to five days following discharge
- Walking or personal aids such as crutches, sticks or reachers, if required
- One post-operative consultation with your Consultant
What’s not included?
- Your initial consultation and any tests carried out at the time of that consultation
- Care not listed in your All-Inclusive price or Care that is listed as being excluded from your All-Inclusive price
- Sundry items e.g. large home aids, such as stair lifts
Bones, joints and muscles
What is the surgery?
More details about arthritis treatment
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package: from £1,750
What is the surgery?
More details about bunion treatment
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - one night
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package from £7,315, including a post-operative care package.
What is the surgery?
More details about carpal tunnel surgery
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package: £1,755
What is the surgery?
More details about trigger finger release
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package: £3,190
What is the surgery?
More details about Dupuytren’s contracture treatment
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Outpatient
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package: from £1,845
What is the surgery?
More details about rotator cuff repair
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - One night
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package: from £5,040
What is the surgery?
More details about hip impingement treatment
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Up to two nights
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package: from £7,510
What is the surgery?
More details about hip replacement surgery
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Up to five nights
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr David Cox
- Professor Ali Ghoz
- Mr Vivek Gulati
- Mr Sammy Hanna
- Mr Rohit Jain
- Mr Sujith Konan
- Mr Simon Newman
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package: from £14,210, which includes a standard prosthesis – your consultant will advise if an alternative is required and the cost as appropriate.
What is the surgery?
More details about knee replacement surgery
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Up to five nights
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr David Cox
- Professor Ali Ghoz
- Mr Vivek Gulati
- Mr Sammy Hanna
- Mr Rohit Jain
- Mr Sujith Konan
- Mr Simon Newman
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package: from £14,830, which includes a standard prosthesis – your consultant will advise if an alternative is required and the cost as appropriate.
What is the surgery?
More details about NAVIO® knee replacement
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - up to five nights
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package: from £15,980, which includes a standard prosthesis – your consultant will advise if an alternative is required and the cost as appropriate.
What is the surgery?
More details about shoulder replacement surgery
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Up to four nights
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package: from £12,295, which includes a standard prosthesis – your consultant will advise if an alternative is required and the cost as appropriate.
What is the surgery?
More details about knee replacement surgery
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Two nights
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package: from £10,575 which includes a standard prosthesis – your consultant will advise if an alternative is required and the cost as appropriate.
What is the surgery?
More details about NAVIO® knee replacement
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Two nights
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package from £12,815, which includes a standard prosthesis – your consultant will advise if an alternative is required and the cost as appropriate.
What is the surgery?
More details about cruciate ligament reconstruction
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - One night
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr David Cox
- Professor Ali Ghoz
- Mr Sammy Hanna
- Mr Sujith Konan
- Mr Dinesh Nathwani
- Mr Deepu Sethi
- Mr Ziali Sivardeen
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package: from £6,175
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - 1 night
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package: £5,205
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - One night
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package: £4,180
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr David Cox
- Professor Ali Ghoz
- Mr Vivek Gulati
- Mr Sammy Hanna
- Mr Rohit Jain
- Mr Sujith Konan
- Mr Dinesh Nathwani
- Mr Simon Newman
- Mr Deepu Sethi
- Mr Ziali Sivardeen
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package: from £3,450
What is the surgery?
More details about knee arthroscopy
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr David Cox
- Professor Ali Ghoz
- Mr Vivek Gulati
- Mr Sammy Hanna
- Mr Rohit Jain
- Mr Sujith Konan
- Mr Dinesh Nathwani
- Mr Simon Newman
- Mr Deepu Sethi
- Mr Ziali Sivardeen
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package: £3,140
What is the surgery?
More details about hip arthroscopy
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - One night
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package: £5,385
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr David Cox
- Professor Ali Ghoz
- Mr Sammy Hanna
- Mr Sujith Konan
- Mr Vivek Gulati
- Mr Rohit Jain
- Mr Ziali Sivardeen
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-Inclusive Package: £1,430
Digestive diseases treatments
What is the surgery?
More details about BRAVO ph testing
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: £2,405
What is the surgery?
More details about gastroscopy
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Dr David Forecast
- Mr Borzoueh Mohammadi
- Mr Satvinder Mudan
- Dr Mani Naghibi
- Professor Stephen P Pereira
- Dr Aymer J. Postgate
- Mr Ash Rohatgi
- Dr Evangelos Russo
- Dr Ed Seward
- Dr Chris Wadsworth
- Dr Ana Wilson
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: £1,610
What is the surgery?
More details about colonoscopy
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Dr David Forecast
- Dr Rehan Haidry
- Dr Mani Naghibi
- Professor Stephen P Pereira
- Dr Aymer J. Postgate
- Dr Evangelos Russo
- Dr Ed Seward
- Dr Chris Wadsworth
- Dr Ana Wilson
- Dr Jonathan Wilson
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: £2,100
What is the surgery?
More details about sigmoidoscopy
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Dr David Forecast
- Dr Rehan Haidry
- Dr Mani Naghibi
- Professor Stephen P Pereira
- Dr Aymer J. Postgate
- Dr Evangelos Russo
- Dr Ed Seward
- Dr Chris Wadsworth
- Dr Ana Wilson
- Dr Jonathan Wilson
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £1,565
What is the surgery?
More details about SpyGlass® cholangioscopy
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - One night
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: £7,090
What is the surgery?
More details about diagnostic laparoscopy
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Professor Hemant Kocher
- Mr Jeffrey Lordan
- Mr Borzoueh Mohammadi
- Mr S S Mudan
- Mr Ash Rohatgi
- Mr Janindra Warusavitame
- Dr Jonathan Wilson
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: £3,680
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: £3,210
What is the surgery?
More details about haemorrhoids treatment
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - One night
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £3,380
What is the surgery?
More details about gallbladder removal
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Up to three nights
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr Marco Adamo
- Mr Jamie Crinnion
- Mr Andrew Jenkinson
- Professor Hemant Kocher
- Mr Jeffrey Lordan
- Mr Borzoueh Mohammadi
- Mr S S Mudan
- Mr Ash Rohatgi
- Dr Jonathan Wilson
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: £5,310
What is the surgery?
More details about gallbladder removal
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr Marco Adamo
- Mr Jamie Crinnion
- Mr Andrew Jenkinson
- Professor Hemant Kocher
- Mr Jeffrey Lordan
- Mr Borzoueh Mohammadi
- Mr S S Mudan
- Mr Ash Rohatgi
- Dr Jonathan Wilson
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: £6,325
What is the surgery?
More details about inguinal hernia repair
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr Marco Adamo
- Mr Jamie Crinnion
- Mr Harpaul Flora
- Mr Andrew Jenkinson
- Mr Jeffrey Lordan
- Mr Borzoueh Mohammadi
- Mr S S Mudan
- Dr Jonathan Wilson
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: £3,225
What is the surgery?
More details about umbilical hernia repair
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr Marco Adamo
- Mr Jamie Crinnion
- Mr Harpaul Flora
- Mr Andrew Jenkinson
- Professor Hemant Kocher
- Mr Jeffrey Lordan
- Mr Borzoueh Mohammadi
- Mr Ash Rohatgi
- Mr Janindra Warusavitarne
- Dr Jonathan Wilson
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: £3,165
What is the surgery?
More details about acid reflux treatment
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - one night
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: £12,515
ear, nose and throat Treatments
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - One night
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr Solomon Abramovich
- Mr Azhar Shaida
- Mr Paul Stimpson
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £3,690
What is the surgery?
More details about septorhinoplasty treatment - This is a functional septorhinoplasty not a cosmetic refinement.
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - One night
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr Solomon Abramovich
- Mr Paul Chatrath
- Mr Jonathan Joseph
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £4,240
What is the surgery?
More details about rhinoplasty treatment
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - One night
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr Solomon Abramovich
- Mr Paul Chatrath
- Mr Jonathan Joseph
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £3,535
What is the surgery?
More details about deviated septum treatment
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr Solomon Abramovich
- Mr Paul Chatrath
- Mr Jonathan Hughes
- Miss Ekpemi Irune
- Mr Jonathan Joseph
- Mr Azhar Shaida
- Mr Paul Stimpson
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £3,235
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - One night
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr Solomon Abramovich
- Mr Paul Chatrath
- Mr Jonathan Hughes
- Mr Jonathan Joseph
- Mr Azhar Shaida
- Mr Paul Stimpson
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £3,030
What is the surgery?
More details about teeth removal
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £2,425
What is the surgery?
More details about Tonsillectomy
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr Solomon Abramovich
- Mr Paul Chatrath
- Mr Jonathan Hughes
- Miss Ekpemi Irune
- Mr Jonathan Joseph
- Mr Azhar Shaida
- Mr Paul Stimpson
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £2,425
What is the surgery?
More details about voice treatment
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - One night
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £3,510
What is the surgery?
More details about snoring treatment
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - TBC
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £2,830
eye Treatments
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Outpatient
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: £535
What is the surgery?
More details about glaucoma treatment
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £3,485
What is the surgery?
More details about cataract surgery
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr Faisal Ahmed
- Mr Mostafa Elgohary
- Miss Amynah Goawalla
- Mr Jaheed Khan
- Mr Gerassimos Lascaratos
- Mr Richard Lee
- Mr Moin Mohamed
- Mr Sanjay Shah
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £2,915 (including low value lens)
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £3,475
Interventional radiology procedures
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £3,035
Men's Health services (including prostate and bladder)
What is the surgery?
More details about robotic surgery
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr Timothy Briggs
- Mr Francis Chinegwundoh
- Miss Stella Ivaz
- Professor John Kelly
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £2,045
What is the surgery?
More details about robotic surgery
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Up to three nights
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: £17,865
What is the surgery?
More details about TURP
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Two nights
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr Timothy Briggs
- Mr Francis Chinegwundoh
- Miss Stella Ivaz
- Professor John Kelly
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: £5,585
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - One night
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr Timothy Briggs
- Mr Francis Chinegwundoh
- Professor John Kelly
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £4,395
What is the surgery?
More details about circumcision
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day Case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
- Mr Timothy Briggs
- Mr Francis Chinegwundoh
- Miss Stella Ivaz
- Professor John Kelly
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: £1,620
What is the surgery?
More details about prostate artery embolisation
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case/One night
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
- Day case from £6,965
- One night (including General Anaesthetic) £8,075
SPINe-Related Treatments
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £2,105
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £1,450
What is the surgery?
More details about injections for back pain
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £1,720
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Three nights
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £8,515
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Three nights
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £7,085
Vascular treatments
What is the surgery?
More details about varicose veins surgery
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £2,425
Women's health services
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: £2,300
What is the surgery?
More details for this treatment
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £4,480
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Two nights
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package from: £5,285
What is the surgery?
More details about fibroid treatment
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Two nights
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £6,960
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £2,290
What is this surgery?
More details about hysteroscopy
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £1,570
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £2,790
What is the surgery?
More details about endometriosis treatment
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Day case
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £3,440
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - Two nights
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £4,755
How long will I stay in hospital?
Expected length of stay - One night
Consultants offering All-inclusive packages
Other consultants are available and will advise of their professional fees.
How much will it cost?
All-inclusive package: from £6,060
Chrysalis Finance
The London Clinic is working in partnership with Chrysalis Finance to offer finance packages for our All-Inclusive Packages for patients paying for their own treatment. Please confirm the planned procedure with your consultant and the Self-Pay team before applying for finance.
Finance OPtions
You no longer need to use your savings to pay for your All-Inclusive package – you can apply to spread the cost of your healthcare now with Chrysalis Finance using their simple 1,2,3 application.
Please apply using access code: 124989 for The London Clinic.
Representative example
Amount Of Credit £2400.00. Total Amount Repayable £2400.00. Repayable by 12 monthly payments of £200.00. Representative 0% APR variable. Example based upon ‘a medical procedure’ costing £2400.00 repayable over 12 months. Loans subject to status, terms and condition apply.
Trustees of the London Clinic Ltd trading as The London Clinic is an Appointed Representative of Chrysalis Finance Limited, which is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority to carry out the regulated activity of credit broking. www.chrysalisfinance.com.
CHRYSALIS FINANCE CALCULATOR
Please use the online calculator provided by Chrysalis Finance to see what finance options are available to you.
Main numbers
General enquiries: 020 7935 4444 Appointments: 020 7616 7693 Self-Pay: 020 3219 3315
Other numbers
Concierge service: 020 3219 3323International office: 020 3219 3266Invoice and payment enquiries: 020 7616 7708Press office: 020 7616 7676
Your call may be recorded for training and monitoring purposes.
